Flowers of South-West Europe revisited (3.5 - Recolha de Dados)

“Flowers of South-West Europe - a field guide” - de Oleg Polunin e B.E. Smythies

“Revisitas” de regiões  esquecidas no tempo - “Plant Hunting Regions” - a partir de uma obra de grande valor para o especialista e amador de botânica como da Natureza em geral.

Por

Horst Engels, Cecilia Sousa, Luísa Diniz, Nicole Engels, José Saraiva; Victor Rito

da

Associação “Trilhos d’Esplendor”

III - Levantamento de Dados

3. Levantamento  de Dados 3 .1 Fotografia   3.2 Identificação de plantas 3. 3   Mapas e cartografia 3.4 Narrativas 3.5 Indicadores ambientais (EEA-2012) 3.6 Inqueritos 3.7 Antropologia Médica 3.8 Pesquisas ornitológicas

3.5 Indicadores ambientais (EEA-2012) ^[1]

…

Annex Overview of EEA's environmental indicators (status: 1 March 2012)    

This annex provides an overview of the 225 environmental indicators hosted by the EEA. Besides indicator names and codes, this overview also provides information on the role of the indicator within the DSPIR model and on the type of indicators following the EEA's indicator typology (see Chapter 3).  

EEA indicators are developed against the driving force, pressure, state, impact, and response (DPSIR) assessment framework. This framework helps to structure thinking about the interplay between the environment and socio-economic activities. It is used to help design assessments, identify indicators, and communicate results and can support improved environmental monitoring and information collection (Stanners et al., 2007).

Simply put, following the DPSIR framework, social and economic developments drive (D) changes that exert pressure (P) on the environment. As a consequence, changes occur in the state (S) of the environment, which lead to impacts (I) on, for example, human health, ecosystem functioning and the economy. Finally societal and political responses (R) affect earlier parts of the system directly or indirectly.

EEA indicators are accessible at: www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/  indicators.    

Indicator focus (within DPSIR model) — see Chapter 3 for more details.    

Number of EEA indicators in category                  

D	P	S	I	R	Total
50	71	33	46	25	225

D – Driving force indicators                                                    

P – Pressure indicators                                                    

S – State indicators                                                    

I – Impact indicators                                                    

R – Response indicators                    

                                 

Indicator type — see Chapter 3 for more details            

Number of EEA indicators by type  

A	B	C	D	E	Total
175	35	12	3	0	225

 

                             

A – Descriptive indicators: 'What's happening?'                                    

B – Performance indicators: 'Does it matter?'; 'Are we reaching targets?'    

C – Efficiency indicators: 'Are we improving?'    

D – Policy effectiveness indicators: 'Are the measures working?'    

E – Total welfare indicators: 'Are we on the whole better off?'    

From a policy perspective, there is a clear need for information and indicators on all parts of the DPSIR chain (Stanners et al., 2007):

• Driving force indicators describe the social and economic developments in societies and the corresponding changes in lifestyles and overall levels of consumption and production patterns. Primary driving forces are demographic changes and economic activities.

• Pressure indicators  describe developments in the release of substances (e.g. emissions to air or water), physical and biological agents, the use of resources and use of land. The pressures exerted often manifest themselves in changes in environmental conditions.

• State indicators provide a description of the quantity and quality of physical phenomena (e.g. temperature), biological phenomena (e.g. species and habitat diversity) and chemical phenomena (e.g. nutrient critical loads) in a certain area.

• Impact indicators  are used to describe the relevance of changes implications for ecosystems, the economy and human well-being and health.

• Response indicators  refer to responses by society and policymakers that attempt to prevent, compensate, ameliorate, or adapt to changes in the state of the environment. Examples include recycling rates of domestic waste or use of renewable energy sources.

Indicator name	Indicator code	Indicator focus	Indicator type
Agriculture indicators 2 indicators (including 2 CSI indicators)
Gross nutrient balance	CSI 25	P	A
Area under organic farming	CSI 26	R	A
Air pollution indicators 11 indicators (including 5 CSI indicators)
Emission of acidifying substances	CSI 01	P	B
Emissions of ozone precursors	CSI 02	P	B
Emissions of primary particulate matter and secondary particulate matter precurser	CSI 03	P	B
Exceedance of air quality limit values in urban areas	CSI 04	S	A
Exposure of ecosystems to acidification eutrophication and ozone	CSI 05	S	B
Sulphur dioxide emissions	APE 01	P	B
Nitrogen oxides emissions	APE 02	P	B
Ammonia emissions	APE 03	P	B
Non-methane volatile organic compounds emissions	APE 04	P	B
Heavy metal emissions	APE 05	P	B
Persistent organic pollutant emissions	APE 06	P	B
Biodiversity indicators 27 indicators (including 3 CSI indicators)
Species of European interest	CSI 07	S	A
Designated areas	CSI 08	R	A
Species diversity	CSI 09	S	A
Abundance and distribution of selected species	SEBI 01	S	A
Red List Index for European species	SEBI 02	S	A
Ecosystem coverage	SEBI 04	S	A
Habitats of European interest	SEBI 05	S	A
Livestock genetic diversity	SEBI 06	S	A
Nationally designated protected areas	SEBI 07	R	A
Sites designated under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives	SEBI 08	R	A
Critical load exceedance for nitrogen	SEBI 09	P	B
Invasive alien species in Europe	SEBI 10	P	A
Impact of climate change on bird population	SEBI 11	P	A
Marine trophic index of European seas	SEBI 12	S	A
Fragmentation of natural and semi-natural areas	SEBI 13	P	A
Nutrients in transitional coastal and marine waters	SEBI 15	P	A
Freshwater quality	SEBI 16	P	A
Forest: growing stock increment and fellings	SEBI 17	P	A
Forest: deadwood	SEBI 18	S	A
Agriculture: nitrogen balance	SEBI 19	P	A
Agriculture: area under management practices potentially supporting biodiversity	SEBI 20	S	A
Fisheries: European commercial fish stocks	SEBI 21	P	A
Aquaculture: effluent water quality from finfish farms	SEBI 22	P	A
Ecological Footprint of European countries	SEBI 23	P	A
Patent applications based on genetic resources	SEBI 24	R	A
Financing biodiversity management	SEBI025	R	A
Public awareness	SEBI 26	R	A
Climate change indicators 45 indicators (including 5 CSI indicators)
Production and consumption of ozone depleting substances	CSI 06	P	B
Greenhouse gas emission trends	CSI 10	P	B
Greenhouse gas emission projections	CSI 11	P	A
Global and European temperature	CSI 12	S	B
Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations	CSI 13	S	A
European precipitation	CLIM 02	I	A
Precipitation extremes in Europe	CLIM 04	I	A
Storm and storm surges in Europe	CLIM 05	I	A
Air pollution by ozone	CLIM 06	I	A
Glaciers	CLIM 07	I	A
Snow cover	CLIM 08	I	A
Greenland ice sheet	CLIM 09	I	A
Arctic sea ice	CLIM 10	I	A
Mountain permafrost	CLIM 11	I	A
Sea level rise	CLIM 12	I	A
Sea surface temperature	CLIM 13	I	A
Marine phenology	CLIM 14	I	A
Northward movement of marine species	CLIM 15	I	A
River flow	CLIM 16	I	A
River floods	CLIM 17	I	A
River flow drought	CLIM 18	I	A
Water temperature	CLIM 19	I	A
Lake and river ice cover	CLIM 20	I	A
Freshwater biodiversity and water quality	CLIM 21	I	A
Distribution of plant species	CLIM 22	I	A
Plant phenology	CLIM 23	I	A
Distribution of animal species	CLIM 24	I	A
Animal phenology	CLIM 25	I	A
Species-ecosystem relationship	CLIM 26	I	A
Soil organic carbon	CLIM 27	I	A
Soil erosion by water	CLIM 28	I	A
Water retention	CLIM 29	I	A
Glowing season for agricultural crops (agrophenology)	CLIM 30	I	A
Timing of the cycle of agricultural crops (agrophenology)	CLIM 31	I	A
Crop-yield variability	CLIM 32	I	A
Water requirement	CLIM 33	I	A
Forest growth	CLIM 34	I	A
Forest fire danger	CLIM 35	I	A
Heat and health	CLIM 36	I	A
Vector-borne disease	CLIM 37	I	A
Water and food-borne diseases	CLIM 38	I	A
Direct losses from weather disasters	CLIM 39	I	A
Normalised losses from river flood disasters	CLIM 40	I	A
Coastal areas	CLIM 41	I	A
Agriculture and forestry	CLIM 42	I	A
Energy indicators 29 indicators (including 5 CSI indicators)
Final energy consumption by sector	CSI 27	D	A
Total primary energy intensity	CSI 28	R	B
Primary energy consumption by fuel	CSI 29	D	A
Renewable primary energy consumption	CSI 30	R	B
Renewable electricity consumption	CSI 31	R	B
Energy and non-energy related greenhouse gas emissions	ENER 01	P	A
Energy-related emissions of ozone precursors	ENER 05	P	A
Energy-related emissions of acidifying substances	ENER 06	P	A
Energy-related emissions of particulate matter	ENER 07	P	A
Emission intensity of public conventional thermal power electricity and heat production	ENER 08	I	C
Emissions from public electricity and heat production	ENER 09	P	C
Residues from combustion of coal for energy production	ENER 10	D	A
Energy efficiency in transformation	ENER 11	D	C
Net energy import dependency	ENER 12	D	C
Nuclear energy and waste production	ENER 13	P	A
Discharge of oil from refineries and offshore installations	ENER 14	D	A
Accidental oil spills from marine shipping	ENER 15	D	A
Final electricity consumption by sector	ENER 18	D	A
Efficiency of conventional thermal electricity generation	ENER 19	D	C
Combined heat and power	ENER 20	R	C
Final energy consumption intensity	ENER 21	D	A
Energy efficiency and energy consumption in the household sector	ENER 22	S	C
Energy efficiency and energy consumption in the transport sector	ENER 23	S	C
Energy intensity in the service sector	ENER 24	S	C
Energy efficiency and energy consumption in industry	ENER 25	S	C
Electricity production by fuel	ENER 27	D	A
Renewable gross final energy consumption	ENER 28	I	C
Energy taxes	ENER 32	D	A
External costs of electricity production	ENER 35	D	D
Transport indicators 38 indicators (including 3 CSI indicators)
Passenger transport demand	CSI 35	D	A
Freight transport demand	CSI 36	D	A
Use of cleaner and alternative fuels	CSI 37	R	D
Transport final energy consumption by mode	TERM 01	P	A
Transport emissions of greenhouse gases	TERM 02	P	A
Transport emissions of air pollutants	TERM 03	P	A
Exceedances of air quality objectives due to traffic	TERM 04	S	A
Traffic noise: exposure and annoyance	TERM 05	I	A
Fragmentation of ecosystems and habitats by transport infrastructure	TERM 06	S	A
Proximity of transport infrastructures to designated areas	TERM 07	P	A
Land take by transport infrastructure	TERM 08	P	A
Transport accident fatalities	TERM 09	P	A
Accidental and illegal discharges of oil by ships at sea	TERM 10	P	A
Waste from road vehicles	TERM 11	P	A
Urban spatial characteristics and transport	TERM 14	D	A
Accessibility to basic services and markets by transport mode	TERM 15	D	A
Access to transport services	TERM 16	D	A
Capacity of infrastructure networks	TERM 18	D	A
Transport infrastructure investments	TERM 19	D	A
Real change in transport prices by mode	TERM 20	D	A
Fuel prices	TERM 21	D	A
Transport taxes and charges	TERM 22	R	A
Transport subsidies	TERM 23	D	A
Expenditures on personal mobility	TERM 24	D	A
External costs and charges per vehicle type	TERM 25	P	A
Internalisation of external costs	TERM 26	R	D
Energy efficiency and specific CO2 emissions	TERM 27	P	A
Specific air pollutant emissions	TERM 28	P	A
Occupancy rates of passenger vehicles	TERM 29	D	A
Load factors for freight transport	TERM 30	D	A
Size of the vehicle fleet	TERM 32	P	C
Average age of the vehicle fleet	TERM 33	D	A
Proportion of vehicle fleet meeting certain emission standards	TERM 34	D	A
Integrated transport and environment strategies in the EU	TERM 35	R	A
Institutional cooperation on transport and environment	TERM 36	R	A
National transport and environment monitoring systems	TERM 37	R	A
Uptake of strategic environmental assessment in the transport sector	TERM 38	R	A
Public awareness and behaviour	TERM 40	R	A
Waste indicators 2 indicators (including 2 CSI indicators)
Municipal waste generation	CSI 16	P	A
Generation and recycling of packaging waste	CSI 17	P	A
Water indicators 15 indicators (including 7 CSI indicators)
Use of freshwater resources	CSI 18	P/S	A
Oxygen consuming substances in rivers	CSI 19	S	A
Nutrients in freshwater	CSI 20	S	A
Nutrients in transitional coastal and marine waters	CSI 21	S	A
Bathing water quality	CSI 22	S	B
Chlorophyll in transitional coastal and marine waters	CSI 23	S	A
Urban wastewater treatment	CSI 24	R	A
National river classification schemes	WEC 04	I	A
Biological quality of lakes	WEC 05	S	A
Emissions of organic matter	WEU 08	P	A
Emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus from UWWT plants	WEU 09	D	A
Pesticides in groundwater	WHS 01	S	A
Hazardous substances in rivers	WHS 02	S	A
Hazardous substances in lakes	WHS 03	S	A
Loads of hazardous substances to coastal waters	WHS 07	P	A
Others indicators (Fisheries) 3 indicators (including 3 CSI indicators)
Status of marine fish stocks	CSI 32	S	A
Aquaculture production	CSI 33	P	A
Fishing fleet capacity	CSI 34	P	A
Other indicators (Land and Soil) 2 indicators (including 2 CSI indicators)
Land take	CSI 14	P	A
Progress in management of contaminated sites	CSI 15	R	A
Other indicators (Tourism) 7 indicators
Tourism travel by transport mode		D	A
Tourism contribution to GDP	YIR01TO05	D	A
Tourism expenditures of private households	YIR01TO07	D	A
Tourism arrivals	YIR01TO08	D	A
Overnight stays	YIR01TO09	D	A
Tourism intensity	YIR01TO10	D	A
Penetration of tourist eco-labels	YIR01TO12	D	A
Environmental scenarios indicators 44 indicators
Emissions of acidifying substances — outlook from LRTAP	Outlook 02	P	B
Emissions of ozone precursors — outlook from LRTAP	Outlook 03	D	A
Change in species diversity as a result of climate change — outlook from EEA	Outlook 04	I	A
Municipal waste generation — outlook from EEA	Outlook 05	P	A
Emissions of ozone precursors — outlook from WBCSD	Outlook 06	D	A
Emissions of primary particulates — outlook from LRTAP	Outlook 07	P	A
GHG emissions — outlook from MNP	Outlook 08	P	B
Land cover use of arable land — outlook from EEA	Outlook 09	P	A
Total fertilizer consumption — outlook from FAO	Outlook 10	P	B
Final energy consumption — outlook from IEA	Outlook 11	D	A
Municipal waste generation — outlook from OECD	Outlook 13	P	A
Use of freshwater resources — outlook from EEA	Outlook 14	S	A
Passenger transport demand — outlook from WBCSD	Outlook 17	D	A
Emissions of acidifying substances — outlook from WBCSD	Outlook 18	P	B
GHG concentrations — outlook from MNP	Outlook 19	S	A
Gross nutrient balance — outlook from EEA	Outlook 20	P	A
Global and European temperature	Outlook 21	S	B
Fertilizer consumption — outlook from EEA	Outlook 23	P	B
Emissions of primary particulates — outlook from WBCSD	Outlook 24	P	A
Projections of GHG emissions — outlook from National Communications under UNFCCC	Outlook 25	P	B
Passenger transport demand — outlook from OECD	Outlook 26	D	A
Freight transport demand — outlook from WBCSD	Outlook 27	D	A
Total electricity consumption — outlook from IEA	Outlook 28	P	B
Total energy consumption — outlook from IEA	Outlook 30	P	A
GHG emissions — outlook from IIASA	Outlook 31	P	A
GHG emissions — outlook from WBCSD	Outlook 32	D	A
Generation and recycling of packaging waste — outlook from EEA	Outlook 35	P	A
GHG emissions — outlook from IEA	Outlook 36	D	A
Freight transport demand — outlook from OECD	Outlook 37	D	A
Renewable energy consumption — outlook from IEA	Outlook 39	R	B
GDP — outlook from OECD	Outlook 41	D	A
Total population — outlook from UNSTAT	Outlook 42	D	A
Tourist arrivals — outlook from WTO model	Outlook 43	D	A
Land cover distribution and change — outlook from MNP	Outlook 46	I	B
Urban wastewater treatment — outlook from EEA	Outlook 47	R	A
Final energy consumption — outlook from EEA	Outlook 48	D	A
Total energy intensity — outlook from EEA	Outlook 49	P	A
Total energy consumption — outlook from EEA	Outlook 50	P	B
Total electricity consumption — outlook from EEA	Outlook 51	P	B
Renewable energy consumption — outlook from EEA	Outlook 52	R	B
Renewable electricity — outlook from EEA	Outlook 53	R	B
Passenger transport demand — outlook from EEA	Outlook 54	P	B
Freight transport demand — outlook from EEA	Outlook 55	P	B
Car ownership — outlook from WBCSD	Outlook 56	D	B

(It is worth noting, however, that while indicators can provide an accepted yardstick for benchmarking between different countries, regions, or municipalities, they can also be misleading in their simplicity. The basis for indicator selection, computation and communication must therefore be continuously kept under review to capture current developments and maintain policy relevance.)

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[1]   http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/environmental-indicator-report-2012